{"id":25202,"date":"2021-08-04T10:26:25","date_gmt":"2021-08-04T08:26:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cesam.community\/?p=25202"},"modified":"2023-01-20T11:33:51","modified_gmt":"2023-01-20T10:33:51","slug":"0-2-cesam-a-framework-focused-on-complex-integrated-systems-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/08\/04\/0-2-cesam-a-framework-focused-on-complex-integrated-systems-2\/","title":{"rendered":"0.2 CESAM: a Framework focused on Complex Integrated Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><section class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid  vc_custom_1642605629364\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-10 vc_col-md-offset-1 col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-9  col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 id=\"0.1\" class=\"text-medium-gray text-small margin-5px-bottom alt-font text-uppercase heading-style4  heading-1\"  style=\"font-weight: 600; color: #000000;\">0.2 CESAM: a Framework focused on Complex Integrated Systems<\/h2><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A second key point to stress is that CESAMES Systems Architecting Method (CESAM) is fundamentally a<em> complex integrated systems-oriented framework<\/em>. This means that CESAM is especially dedicated and adapted to the architecting and modelling of complex systems, that is to say \u2013 in equivalent terms \u2013 of non-homogeneous systems which result from an integration process. To be more specific, let us first recall that <em>system integration<\/em> is the fundamental mechanism<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"1\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202-1\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"1\"> Integration is thus an operator between systems that maps a series of systems into another new system. It is interesting to point out that most of the existing system \u201cdefinitions\u201d which can be found in the systems engineering literature (see for instance [30], [42], [44], [57], [61], [62], [71] or [74]) are defining systems as the result of an application of the integration operator. From a mathematical perspective, this gives unfortunately rise to inconsistent definitions since the set on which acts this operator is never defined. However all these \u201cdefinitions\u201d are clearly expressing a real pragmatic dimension of all systems, which is rigorously captured in our framework by the notion of integration as provided in Definition 0.<\/span> that allows in practice to build a new system from other smaller systems (typically of hardware, software or \u201chumanware\u201d nature), by organizing them so that the integrated system can accomplish \u2013 within a given environment \u2013 its missions (see for instance Figure 5). For the sake of completeness, a more formal definition of this key mechanism is provided below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-color: #01af50; color: #ffffff;\">Definition 0.5 \u2013 Integration<\/span> \u2013 Let S1, \u2026 , S<sub>N<\/sub> be a set of N (formal) systems. One says then that a (formal) system S is the result of the <em>integration<\/em> of these systems if there exists on one side a (formal) system C obtained by composition of S1, \u2026, S<sub>N<\/sub> and on the other side dual abstraction and concretization operators<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"2\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202-2\">2<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202-2\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"2\"> In order to avoid mathematical technicity, we will not define here the notions of abstraction and concretization that shall be considered in the meaning of the theory of abstract interpretation (see for instance [25] for more details on this topic). <\/span> that allow to express:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>the system S as an abstraction of the system C,<\/li>\n<li>the system C as a concretization of the system S.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>[vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb25182&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb400&#215;255&Prime; alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1627546384370{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Figure 4 \u2013 Formal integration of formal systems<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This somewhat technical definition has for fundamental purpose to position integration as a different mechanism from a simple composition of models in order to try to capture structurally emergence in our approach. The previous Definition 0.5 indeed clearly shows that the description of an integrated high level system, obtained through interconnection with other systems, requires having:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>models of each system contributing to the integrated high level system,<\/li>\n<li>a new high level model, specific to that integrated system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In other words, the <em>mere knowledge<\/em> of <em>the models of the components of a system is never sufficient to model this system<\/em>! This modelling postulate can be seen as the direct translation of the universal phenomenon of <em>emergence<\/em> which is always a mechanical consequence of integration: an integrated system will indeed always have emerging properties, that is to say specific properties that cannot be neither found in its components, nor deduced from the properties of its components.<br \/>\nThis emergence postulate can be observed on all simple integrated systems of day-to-day life. Let us consider for instance a wall formed solely of bricks (without mortar to bind them) for the sake of simplicity. A simple systemic model of a brick can then be characterized by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a functional behavior consisting on one hand in providing reaction forces when mechanical action forces are acting on the brick and on the other hand in absorbing the light rays,<\/li>\n<li>an internal behavior provided by three invariant states \u201clength, width, height\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">By composing such brick models, a wall will just be a network of bricks connected by mechanical action\/reaction forces. But it will be difficult to get anything else from such a wall than a resulting functional behavior consisting in absorbing the rays of light. This is however clearly not the usual behavior of a wall, since we want to make account the existing holes in the walls (for the windows) that should just let the light pass! Note also that it is difficult \u2013 and probably vain \u2013 to try to express the form of a wall (which is one of its typical internal state) depending on the lengths, widths and heights of the bricks that compose it. All these facts call for the obvious need of creating a dedicated systemic model, more abstract, to specifically model a wall.<\/p>\n<\/div>[vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb25210&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb450&#215;203&Prime; alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb]<div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Figure 5 \u2013 Example of an integrated system: the used electronic toothbrush<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These considerations may appear to be common sense, if not naive, but we unfortunately noticed that their consequences are usually not understood, which directly causes lots of non-quality issues as observed on many modern complex engineered systems. Most engineers &amp; managers indeed still continue thinking that mastering the components of an integrated system is sufficient to master the system as a whole. However the very nature of the integration mechanism imposes not to have only components responsible when one has to design an integrated system: it is key to also have somebody specifically in charge of the integrative high-level model of the considered system, that is to say a systems architect, who does unfortunately often not exist<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"3\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202-3\">3<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202-3\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"3\">As a consequence, high level models of integrated systems are also often non-existent in practice \u2026<\/span> in most industrial organizations, as strange it may sounds when one is aware of the underlying systemic fundamentals!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Note also that emergence obliges to privilege a top-down design strategy \u2013 rather than a bottom-up approach<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"4\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202-4\">4<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25202-4\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"4\">This is unfortunately still the most common design strategy in the industry for integrated systems \u2026<\/span> \u2013 when one deals with integrated systems. As a matter of fact, it is indeed not possible to predict the emergent properties that result from integration: any bottom-up design strategy will thus statistically create numerous undesirable emergent properties that will be difficult to master. In such a context, the only possible efficient design strategy is to start by imposing the expected properties of the integrated system, and then deriving from them the properties required from its components, which naturally lead to a top-down design strategy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Finally, note that the integration mechanism naturally hierarchizes systems, while giving a recursive dimension to systemic analysis. Engineered systems are indeed obtained in practice by a number of successive systems integrations: each integrated system thus generates in this way an integration hierarchy, which is also an abstraction hierarchy due to the nature of integration, called the <em>systemic hierarchy<\/em> of the <em>initial system<\/em>. This allows in particular to speak about the system, sub-systems, subsystems, etc. levels (that are also called sometimes \u201clayers\u201d or \u201ctiers\u201d) of any integrated system.<\/p>\n<\/div><a  href=\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/2021\/08\/03\/0-3-cesam-a-collaboration-oriented-architecting-framework\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"btn pofo-button-1 bg-position-center-center  wow none button-style9  btn-link text-extra-dark-gray text-deep-pink-hover  btn-medium   vc_custom_1668508086831\" >NEXT PAGE<i class=\"ti-arrow-right   margin-5px-left no-margin-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3  col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 class=\"text-medium-gray text-small margin-5px-bottom alt-font text-uppercase heading-style4  heading-2\"  style=\"font-size: 10px; font-weight: 600; color: #000000;\" data-fontsize=\"10px\">TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/h2>[vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu=\u00a0\u00bb132&Prime;]<h2 class=\"text-medium-gray text-small margin-5px-bottom alt-font text-uppercase heading-style4  heading-3\"  style=\"font-size: 10px; font-weight: 600; color: #000000;\" data-fontsize=\"10px\">References<\/h2><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">[25] Cousot P., Cousot R., Abstract Interpretation, Symposium on Models of Programming <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">Languages and Computation, ACM Computing Surveys, 28(2):324-328, June 1996 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">[30] de Weck O.L., Roos D., Magee C.L., Engineering systems \u2013 Meeting human needs in a complex technological world, The MIT Press, 2011 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">[42] IEEE, IEEE 1220-2005 \u2013 Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2005 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">[44] ISO\/IEC\/IEEE, ISO\/IEC\/IEEE 15288:2015 \u2013 Systems and software engineering &#8212; System life cycle processes, May 2015\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">[57] Maier M.W., Rechtin E., The art of systems architecting, CRC Press, 2002 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">[61] Meinadier J.P., Ing\u00e9nierie et int\u00e9gration de syst\u00e8mes, Lavoisier, 1998 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">[62] Meinadier J.P., Le m\u00e9tier d\u2019int\u00e9gration de syst\u00e8mes, Lavoisier, 2002 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">[71] Sage A.P., Armstrong J.E., Introduction to systems engineering, Wiley, 2000 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">[74] Sillitto H., Architecting systems \u2013 Concepts, principles and practice, College Publications, 2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A second key point to stress is that CESAMES Systems Architecting Method (CESAM) is fundamentally a complex integrated systems-oriented framework. This means that CESAM is especially dedicated and adapted to the architecting and modelling of complex systems, that is to say \u2013 in equivalent terms \u2013 of non-homogeneous systems which result from an integration process&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158],"tags":[157],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>0.2 CESAM: a Framework focused on Complex Integrated Systems - Cesam Community<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/08\/04\/0-2-cesam-a-framework-focused-on-complex-integrated-systems-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"0.2 CESAM: a Framework focused on Complex Integrated Systems - Cesam Community\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A second key point to stress is that CESAMES Systems Architecting Method (CESAM) is fundamentally a complex integrated systems-oriented framework. 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