{"id":25257,"date":"2021-08-01T13:42:05","date_gmt":"2021-08-01T11:42:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cesam.community\/?p=25257"},"modified":"2023-01-20T11:36:17","modified_gmt":"2023-01-20T10:36:17","slug":"1-1-product-and-project-systems-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/08\/01\/1-1-product-and-project-systems-2\/","title":{"rendered":"1.1 Product and Project Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><section class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid  vc_custom_1642605866710\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-10 vc_col-md-offset-1 col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-9  col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 id=\"0.1\" class=\"text-medium-gray text-small margin-5px-bottom alt-font text-uppercase heading-style4  heading-1\"  style=\"font-weight: 600; color: #000000;\">1.1 Product and Project Systems<\/h2><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Before going further, we need first to introduce a distinction that will be fundamental to understand better both what is systems architecting and how to read many classical engineering issues. It indeed appears that all engineered systems are always involving two kinds of systems (see Figure 10):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">the first one is clearly the <em>product system<\/em>, i.e. the integrated hardware and software<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"1\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25257\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25257-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25257-1\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"1\"> One may also possibly include a \u201chumanware\u201d dimension into a product if one must put a person, a group of persons or even an organization within the scope of the system under engineering.<\/span> object which is under engineering in order to be finally constructed and put in service,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">the second one is the <em>project system<\/em>, that is to say the engineering organization (or in other terms the engineers) who is designing and developing the product system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These two types of systems are of quite different nature: the product system is usually a technicaldominant system when the project system is clearly a human-dominant system. However as shown in Figure 10, they are highly and permanently coupled during all the design &amp; development phases of the product system: the project system typically monitors the implementation status of the product system through adapted implementation actions that are changing this implementation status.<\/p>\n<\/div>[vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb25286&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb400&#215;242&Prime; alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1627563592499{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Figure 10 \u2013 Product versus project systems <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The product \/ project distinction does seem very simple. However it appears in practice that most of engineers are thinking in terms of project activities realization and not of product characteristics achievement. Many engineering issues are thus coming from the fact that system development project are often too project system-oriented and not enough product system-focused. One must indeed understand that there are two totally different ways of managing a system development:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Management mode 1<\/em> \u2013 <em>project system management<\/em>: this first management mode \u2013 also the most common \u2013 groups all classical project management activities where a system development project is followed by means of a project agenda and a task achievement monitoring.<\/li>\n<li><em>Management mode 2<\/em> \u2013 <em>product system management<\/em>: this other management mode intends to monitor the progressive achievement of the desired product system, which is followed by means of systems architectural views<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These two management modes shall of course not be opposed, since they are fully complimentary. A key good practice, on which systems architecting relies, claims in particular that these two modes of management \u2013 respectively based on a project agenda and on systems architectural views \u2013 are both mandatory in the context of complex systems development (see sections 1.2 and 1.3 below).<br \/>\nThe project system management mode is indeed not sufficient for ensuring the good achievement of the product system quality &amp; performance when such a product became complex. One unfortunately observes in practice (see next section) too many situations where complexity is so high that project teams are not able anymore to master their product. These teams are thus discovering too late that they will never deliver the expected product within its cost, delay, quality and\/or performance limits. The key motivation of systems architecting is just to provide to these engineering teams new product system-oriented tools to better master their complex integrated system development<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"2\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25257\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25257-2\">2<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25257-2\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"2\">As a good practice, each systems architect shall always try to quickly understand whether a given system development project is only project-oriented and not project\/product-balanced. This can be done by analyzing the words used within the project meetings. If the project team speaks only of agenda, milestones, activities, contractual relationships, deliverables, etc., without any reference to the underlying product, one can easily deduce a project-orientation for the project. This is statistically an important risk for the project since it does not fully master the product it is developing. <\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>[vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb25290&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb500&#215;223&Prime; alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb]<div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Table 1 \u2013 Typical examples of product and project issues\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Note also finally that most of engineering issues occurring with complex systems can be <em>classified<\/em> into two categories, according to the product\/project distinction, that is to say on one hand, <em>product problems<\/em>, referring to purely architectural flaws leading to a bad design of the product, and on the other hand,<em> project problems<\/em>, referring to organizational issues leading to a bad functioning of the project. Table 13 above provides an overview of typical such problems. All details on examples and analyzes illustrating these different complex systems issues can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/2021\/08\/04\/appendix-b-classical-engineering-issues\/\">Appendix B<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><a  href=\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/2021\/07\/29\/1-2-the-complexity-threshold\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"btn pofo-button-1 bg-position-center-center  wow none button-style9  btn-link text-extra-dark-gray text-deep-pink-hover  btn-medium   vc_custom_1668508593776\" >NEXT PAGE<i class=\"ti-arrow-right   margin-5px-left no-margin-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3  col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 class=\"text-medium-gray text-small margin-5px-bottom alt-font text-uppercase heading-style4  heading-2\"  style=\"font-size: 10px; font-weight: 600; color: #000000;\" data-fontsize=\"10px\">TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/h2>[vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu=\u00a0\u00bb132&Prime;]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Before going further, we need first to introduce a distinction that will be fundamental to understand better both what is systems architecting and how to read many classical engineering issues. It indeed appears that all engineered systems are always involving two kinds of systems :<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; the first one is clearly the product system, i.e. the integrated hardware and software object which is under engineering in order to be finally constructed and put in service&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158],"tags":[157],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>1.1 Product and Project Systems - Cesam Community<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/08\/01\/1-1-product-and-project-systems-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1.1 Product and Project Systems - Cesam Community\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Before going further, we need first to introduce a distinction that will be fundamental to understand better both what is systems architecting and how to read many classical engineering issues. 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