{"id":25861,"date":"2021-07-20T11:19:16","date_gmt":"2021-07-20T09:19:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cesam.community\/2021\/07\/20\/2-3-cesam-systems-architecture-pyramid\/"},"modified":"2022-11-15T11:58:10","modified_gmt":"2022-11-15T10:58:10","slug":"2-3-cesam-systems-architecture-pyramid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/07\/20\/2-3-cesam-systems-architecture-pyramid\/","title":{"rendered":"2.3 CESAM Systems Architecture Pyramid"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><section class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid  vc_custom_1627389518372\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-10 vc_col-md-offset-1 col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-9  col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 id=\"0.1\" class=\"text-medium-gray text-small margin-5px-bottom alt-font text-uppercase heading-style4  heading-1\"  style=\"font-weight: 600; color: #000000;\">2.3 CESAM Systems Architecture Pyramid<\/h2><h3 id=\"0.1\" class=\"text-medium-gray text-small margin-5px-bottom alt-font text-uppercase heading-style4  heading-2\"  style=\"font-weight: 500; color: #01af50;\">2.3.1 The three Key Questions to Ask<\/h3><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As discussed in the previous section, any system can be analyzed from an operational, functional and constructional perspective. In order to achieve such analyzes in practice, one must simply remember that one shall just ask three simple questions<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"1\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-1\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"1\">These questions shall just be seen as a mnemonic trick to remember the scope of each architectural view. Modeling of each view is indeed much more complicated than that.<\/span> to cover these different architectural visions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Key operational question<\/em>: WHY does the system exist?<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"2\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-2\">2<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-2\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"2\">Or more precisely what are the services provided by the system to its environment? <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Key functional question<\/em>: WHAT is doing the system?<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"3\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-3\">3<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-3\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"3\">Or equivalently what are the behaviors\/functions of the system?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Key constructional question<\/em>: HOW is formed the system?<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"4\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-4\">4<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-4\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"4\">Or in other terms, what are the concrete resources that form the system?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One usually summarizes these different questions in the <em>CESAM Systems Architecture Pyramid<\/em>, which is a simple graphical way to represent a system, presented in Figure 27 below. Such a pyramidal representation intends just to recall that details \u2013 and thus clarification of the system model \u2013 will permanently increase when moving from the operational to the constructional vision.<br \/>\nNote that the key point is of course the order in which these three core questions are asked during a system design process. The systems architecting consists indeed in following the previous order, i.e. passing from the first question (\u201cWhy?\u201d), to the second one (\u201cWhat?\u201d) up to the third one (\u201cHow?\u201d), in that exact order. Be however careful not to manage successively, that is to say one after the other, these three types of analyses which should largely overlap in practice. At some point, it is indeed just impossible to reason operationally without any vision of the concrete solution that will answer to the operational architecture<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"5\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-5\">5<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-5\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"5\">An operational architecture that cannot be implemented in a concrete solution has a name: a science fiction movie. Such movies are indeed typically showing us use cases of technology that are just not concretely feasible. Think to Start Trek\u2019s hyper-propulsion or teleporter. The movie can be seen as an operational proof of concept of such technology, from which it is probably possible to make a coarse grain functional analysis. Unfortunately, we will never be able to achieve a detailed functional analysis due to the fact that no constructional architecture does exist in response to the operational architecture.<\/span>. This typically leads to manage coarse grain functional and constructional analyses during the operational analysis. In the same way, it is not possible to reason functionally without any idea of the components that may implement the functional architecture. This obliges to manage middle grain constructional analyses during the functional analysis. As a consequence, good systems architecting practice is clearly to manage in parallel the three architectural analyses at the same time, but not at the same grain of analysis.<\/p>\n<\/div>[vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb25383&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb450&#215;270&Prime; alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb]<div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Figure 27 \u2013 The CESAM systems architecture pyramid <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Organizing the systems architecting process in that way will allow passing from technical-oriented to value-oriented system design strategies. In most of classical system design strategies, the technical components are indeed usually the starting point and it is only at the end of the development phase that one begins to look how the developed system fits to its stakeholders needs. Such an approach is a <em>product-push<\/em> strategy from a marketing perspective and it may work well as soon as one is making incremental improvements on existing products in stable markets.<br \/>\nUnfortunately industry must nowadays more &amp; more manage many technological ruptures within unstable environments. In that case, just pushing new products will have a high probability to fail. To increase success, one must thus invert the design logic in order to put stakeholders and their needs as a starting point to the product development. Systems architecting shall thus just be seen as the key methodological tool to implement such a <em>need-pull<\/em> strategy.<\/p>\n<\/div><h3 id=\"0.1\" class=\"text-medium-gray text-small margin-5px-bottom alt-font text-uppercase heading-style4  heading-3\"  style=\"font-weight: 500; color: #01af50;\">2.3.2 The Last Question that shall not be Forgotten<\/h3><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The three previous questions are however not the only ones that one should ask in the context of complex systems design &amp; development. The last fourth key question, unfortunately often forgotten in real systems contexts, refers to the product\/project duality as introduced in section 1.1. It simply consists in asking which person \u2013 in other terms \u201cWho?\u201d \u2013 is the project counterpart of the different product elements described in the three architectural visions of the product, that is to say:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>WHO owns each architectural element of the system?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This question can then be declined according to the three architectural visions as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Operational perspective<\/em>: who are the stakeholders of the system?<\/li>\n<li><em>Functional perspective<\/em>: who is in charge of the functions of the system?<\/li>\n<li><em>Constructional perspective<\/em>: who is responsible of the components of the system?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Asking these different questions is clearly fundamental from a systems architecting perspective. First it is just impossible to capture the right needs without deeply interacting with the stakeholders of the system of interest, which requires identifying them as early as possible, thus leading to question 4.1. Secondly, we may recall that the robustness of a system design is directly correlated to the fact that all transverse functions are managed, i.e. under the responsibility of somebody within the project, which immediately motivates question 4.2. Third one cannot imagine influencing the design of a system without involving all functional &amp; constructional responsibles, which again obliges knowing them well, which can be achieved through questions 4.2 and 4.3. In this matter, we shall also recall that the role of a systems architect is usually to manage a complex socio-dynamics implying all these different actors, which cannot be done without perfectly understanding their personal motivations, their synergies and their antagonisms with respect to a given system design &amp; development project. We are here again in the \u201cwho\u201d sphere and not in a technical issue.<\/p>\n<\/div>[vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb25386&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb450&#215;222&Prime; alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb]<div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Figure 28 \u2013 Alignment of the project system architecture with the product system architecture <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Note finally that the \u201cWHO\u201d question is also crucial in the construction of the project organization. A good project architecture indeed results from the mapping of all architectural elements of a given product system into the project system, that is to say onto people, where they shall be put under a single responsibility. This project\/product alignment principle is indeed crucial to be sure that all operational, functional and constructional elements of a product system are taken in charge by somebody within the project system, which obviously a sine qua non condition for the completeness of any engineering analysis, but also to guarantee that no product architectural perimeter has two project responsibles which would mechanically lead to many engineering conflicts<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"6\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-6\">6<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000019b60000000000000000_25861-6\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"6\">Such situations unfortunately often exist in practice, with sometimes with up to 10 responsibles for the same product system architectural perimeter!<\/span>. Figure 28 illustrates this alignment principle on the electronic toothbrush example: the boxes appearing on the project system side are for instance modeling project teams that correspond there to the first levels of decompositions of the different views which are provided on the product system side.<\/p>\n<\/div><a  href=\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/2021\/08\/02\/2-4-more-systems-architecture-dimensions-1-2\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"btn pofo-button-1 bg-position-center-center  wow none button-style9  btn-link text-extra-dark-gray text-deep-pink-hover  btn-medium   vc_custom_1668509872161\" >Next page<i class=\"ti-arrow-right   margin-5px-left no-margin-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3  col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 class=\"text-medium-gray text-small margin-5px-bottom alt-font text-uppercase heading-style4  heading-4\"  style=\"font-size: 10px; font-weight: 600; color: #000000;\" data-fontsize=\"10px\">TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/h2>[vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu=\u00a0\u00bb132&Prime;]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"2.3 CESAM Systems Architecture Pyramid2.3.1 The three Key Questions to AskAs discussed in the previous section, any system can be analyzed from an operational, functional and constructional perspective. In order to achieve such analyzes in practice, one must simply remember that one shall just ask three simple questions to cover these different architectural visions: Key operational question: WHY does the system exist? Key functional question: WHAT is doing the system? Key constructional question: HOW is formed the system? One usually summarizes these different questions in the CESAM Systems Architecture Pyramid, which is a simple graphical way to represent a system, presented in Figure 27 below. Such a pyramidal representation intends just to recall that details \u2013 and thus clarification of the system model \u2013 will permanently increase when moving from the operational to the constructional vision. Note that the...","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158],"tags":[157],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>2.3 CESAM Systems Architecture Pyramid - Cesam Community<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/07\/20\/2-3-cesam-systems-architecture-pyramid\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"2.3 CESAM Systems Architecture Pyramid - Cesam Community\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/07\/20\/2-3-cesam-systems-architecture-pyramid\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cesam Community\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-07-20T09:19:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-11-15T10:58:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@cesamcommunity\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@cesamcommunity\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/07\/20\/2-3-cesam-systems-architecture-pyramid\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/07\/20\/2-3-cesam-systems-architecture-pyramid\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/1698618e5539e0eadd3578d29281a505\"},\"headline\":\"2.3 CESAM Systems Architecture Pyramid\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-07-20T09:19:16+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-15T10:58:10+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/07\/20\/2-3-cesam-systems-architecture-pyramid\/\"},\"wordCount\":1458,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Article\"],\"articleSection\":[\"CESAM Systems Architecting Method\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/07\/20\/2-3-cesam-systems-architecture-pyramid\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cesam.community\/fr\/2021\/07\/20\/2-3-cesam-systems-architecture-pyramid\/\",\"name\":\"2.3 CESAM Systems Architecture Pyramid - 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